ANALOGY
Concept of Analogy
Definition- Analogy means similarity or correspondence that is having similar features .
In questions based on analogy, a particular relationship between words/letters/numbers is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives provided.
Types of Analogy- Analogy may br broadly divided into the following types,
(1) Word Analogy
(2) Number Analogy
(3) Alphabet Analogy
(4) Mixed Analogy
(1) Word Analogy:-
This type of analogy covers every type of relationship that one can think. There are many ways of establishing a relationship like quantity and unit, worker and tools,cause and effect, word-synonym,word-antonym, country and capital,state and capital , country and currency,animal and it's young one(kid),male and female,animal and it's resting place,game and place of playing, occupation,the working place and the work,study and topic etc.
In word analogy, the candidates are required to discover the relationship between questions pair and then to find the required pair of words that is most similar to that relationship.
Direction-(Illustration -1):-
In this question,there is a certain relationship between two given terms on one side of (: :) and one term is given on another side (: :) while another term is to be found from the given alternatives, having the same relation with this term as the terms of the given pair bear.
Choose the given alternative,
Illustration-1.
News paper : Press : : Cloth : ?
A . A tailor B. A Fibre
C. A mill D. Textile
Solution:- (C) As, 'News paper' is prepared in 'Press' , in the same way, 'Cloth' is manufactured in the 'A Mill' .
Here, some relationship are given, which are usefull for solving questions based on analogy,
(2) Number Analogy:-
In this type of analogy, numbers are given in a pair or group on one side. The candidate has to find the relationship between them and then find the number or group of numbers which will replace the question mark in the other pair on other side.
The relationship in number analogy can be of following types,
◾Even and Odd numbers
◾Multiplication and Division of numbers
◾Addition and Subtraction of numbers
◾ Squares and Cube roots of numbers,etc.
Directions (Illustration 2-4):-
In the following question, select the related number pair from the given alternative.
Illustration-2.
23 : 13 : : 54 : ?
A. 40 B. 41
C. 44 D. 39
Solution:-(C) Firstly, we will check the relation between first pair i.e. 23 and 13
We can see, 23 - 10 = 13 .
Similarly, the number in place or (?) Will be 54 - 10 = [44]
Illustration-3.
14 : 225 : : 17 : ?
A. 250 B. 340
C. 300 D. 324
Solution:-(D) firstly, we will check the relation between first pair i.e. 14 and 225.
We can see,
(14 + 1)² = (15)² =[225]
Similarly, the number in the place of question mark is obtained as (17 +1)² = (18)² = [324]
Illustration-4.
20 : 11 : : 102 : ?
A. 49 B. 52
C. 65 D. 85
Solution:-(B) firstly, we will check the relation between first pair i.e. 20 and 11
We can see, 22/2 + 1 = 10 + 1 =11
Similarly, the number in the place of question mark is obtained as 102/2 +1 = 51 + 1 = 52 .
(3) Alphabet Analogy:-
In this type of analogy, there is a relationship between the given alphabets or group of letters. The candidate has to remember the position of letters in English alphabetical orders and find out the relationship between the given letters or group of letters in the first pair and then find a set of letters to fit in place of (?) Mark in second pair.
The relationship between the letters can be of following types,
◾Vowels or Consonants
◾ Increasing/Decreasing position of letters
◾ Reverse order of position of letters
◾ Skipped letter relation
Here, following table is showing letter's position in English alphabetical series
Directions (Illustration 5):-
Choose the word/letter(s) which will replace the question mark.
Illustration-5.
AFKP : BGLQ : : CHMR : ?
A. DINS B. DNIS
C. DFKP D. DJOT
Solution:-(A) firstly, we will check the relation between first pair i.e. ASKP and BGLQ we can see,
(4) Mixed Analogy:-
In this type of analogy,there is a certain relationship between the given group of letters and numbers on one side. The candidates are asked to find out the correct alternative based on the given relationship. The relationship in mixed analogy can be of following types,
◾The position of the alphabets or letters
◾Sum or product of the position of alphabets or letters etc.
Directions (Illustration 8-9):-
Choose the number which will replace the question (?) Mark .
Types of Questions:-
Different types of questions based on analogy that are asked in verious competitive exams, have been given bellow,
Type-1
(Direct/Simple analogy)
In this type of analogy, two elements are given which are related to each other in a particular manner and other element is given followed by 4 alternatives. Firstly, the candidate is required to identified the relationship between the first two elements. Then the candidate is required to pick the element from the alternatives which bear exactly the same relationship to the third element, as the first two bear .
Illustration-10
'College' is related to 'Student' in the same way as 'Hospital' is related,
A. Doctor B. Nurse
C. Medicine D. Patient
Solution:-(D) In the 'college', education is given to 'student', in the same way, treatment is given to the 'patient' in 'hospital'.
Illustration-11
'Major' is related to 'Lieutenant' in the same way as 'Squadron leader' is related to ,
A. Group caption B Flaying attendent
C. Flaying officer D. Pilot officer
Solution:-(C) 'Major' and 'Squadron leader' are equivalent ranks in army and the airforce, respectively. Same as 'Lieutenant' and 'Flaying officer' are equivalent ranks in the army and airforce, respectively.
Type-2
(Completing/Choosing the analogues pair)
In this type of questions, two components are given, which are related to each other in a particular way . The candidate is required to find out the relationship between the first two components and choose the component/pair from the given alternatives, which have the same relationship as there in between the first two .
Directions (Illustration 12-13):-
In each of the following questions, select the related word/letters group from the given alternatives.
Illustration-12
Boat : Oar : : Bicycle : ?
A. Pedal B. Seat
C. Road D Wheel
Solution:-(A) second denotes that part of the first, one which the effort is applied to move it .
Directions (Illustration 14-15):-
The following questions, consist of two words/numbers having a certain relationship to each other, followed by same pair of words/numbers select the related pair that has the same relationship as the original pair of words.
Illustration-14
Pigeon : Peace : : ?
A. Crown : Head B. White flag : Surrender
C. Laurels : Victory D. War : Liberty
Solution (B) As, 'Pigeon' is symbol of 'Peace' , Similarly, 'White flag' is symbol of 'Surrender' .
Illustration-15
9 : 50 : : ?
A. 20 : 105 B. 22 : 110
C. 18 : 190 D. 15 : 225
Solution:-(A) In first pair, we relation between 9 and 50 as (9×5) +5 = 45 + 5 =50, similarly (20×5) + 5 = 100 + 5 = 105
Type-3
(Choosing a similar word/number in this type of questions, a group of three words/numbers is given, followed by 4 alternatives. The candidate is required to choose the alternative, which is similar to the given group of words/numbers )
Directions (Illustrations-16-17):-
In each of the following questions, choose that number/word which has the same relationship among the given the three numbers/words .
Illustration-16
144,256,324
A. 625 B. 175
C. 188 D. 189
Solution:-(A) The given numbers are perfect squares. As, 144 = (12)², 256 = (16)², 324 = (18)², similarly, [625 = (25)²]
Illustration-17
Bhilai,Durgapur,Bokaro
A. Baroda B. Chennai
C. Chandigarh D. Raurkela
Solution:- (D) All cities are famous for steel plant .
Type-4
(Multiple word/number analogy)
In this analogy, a group of three inter-related words/numbers is given. The candidate is required to tress out the relationship among these words/numbers and choose another group with similar relationship from the given alternative.
Directions (Illustration-18)
Each of the following questions, choose that set of numbers/words from the four alternatives sets that is similar to the given set.
Illustration-18
Pen : Pencil : Ink
A. Orange : Banana : Juice
B. Table : Chaire : Wood
C. Cow : Milk : Curd
D. Fish : Shark : Water
Solution:- (A) Pen : Pencil belong to the same category i.e. stationery and Pen contain Ink . Similarly, Orenge and Banana belong to the same category i.e. fruits and Orenge contains Juice.
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